Norman Wainwright -
Champion and Gentleman
A short account of the life and
achievements of one of Britain's greatest amateur swimmers
Norman Wainwright was a top national and international freestyle swimmer for
most of the decade before the Second World War and, even after distinguished
and debilitating war service overseas, he returned to represent his country. He
competed in three Olympic Games (1932, 1936 & 1948); he won medals at two
European and Empire Championships (1934 & 1938); was Amateur Swimming
Association (ASA) champion 21 times; and held 50 ASA and British Native
records. His achievement might have been greater if the Second World War had
not intervened just as he was reaching the height of his powers. Even after his
competitive swimming days were over (he retired in the early 1950's, by which
time he was approaching 40 years old), he continued to support his sport by
serving on the Governing Bodies of the Staffordshire and Northern Counties ASA
for more than twenty five years.
Norman was born on the 4th July 1914, the
youngest of the four sons of William and Eliza Wainwright. His father was the
manager of the Hanley Public Baths and he and his wife had come to this part of
Stoke-on-Trent from their native Yorkshire,
where he had worked as a physiotherapist at Harrogate Hydro. For Norman
the swimming bath was his 'back yard'. He learnt to swim when he was three and
a half years old and began to win competitions from the time he went to school.
He was also a good scholar and won a place at Hanley
High School but did not have the
opportunity to pursue higher education. Throughout his distinguished career, he
had to balance training and competition with his work commitments and the only
support he received was from friends and colleagues. Thus his outstanding
achievements were earned in a very different world to that of the sponsorship
enjoyed by the top athletes of today and even then contrasted with the
patronage and support received by some of those competing against him.
Local rivalry was the spur that encouraged the young Wainwright to make the
effort to compete at national and international level. Bob Leivers,
who swam for the Longton Swimming Club, was six
months younger than Norman but he
achieved national prominence first (he won his first ASA titles in 1932).
Norman, who competed for Hanley, persuaded his eldest brother, George (who had
followed his father into Baths management), to help him with his training.
During the winter of 1931/32, Bob Leivers and Norman
Wainwright also received guidance from the Northern Counties coach, Jack
Laverty. The result was that in 1932 both were selected to swim for Great
Britain in the Olympic Games that were to be
held in Los Angeles, California.
In those days, this involved a long journey by sea and rail. Sadly, Norman's
father had died shortly before he could enjoy the pleasure of his son's
achievements.
Although he did not make the finals, the Olympics were valuable experience.
While he was there, he became the fastest British swimmer at the 400-metre
freestyle. The following year he won his first ASA championships (at half mile
and one mile, freestyle) and was a member of the England Team that competed
against Sweden.
He also started to collect ASA and British Native records. ASA titles and
records are open to all comers and the records represent the fastest time put
up in England
by any swimmer, regardless of nationality. In 1933 swimmers from outside the UK
held many of these and Norman
deliberately set out to beat their times so that all the records would be in
British hands.
In 1934 he represented England
at Wembley in the Empire Games and was 2nd in the 440 yards. Only
a week later he was part of the British Team at Magdeburg, Germany
for the European Championships and was the only British free style swimmer to
be placed (he won a Bronze Medal at 1500 metres). During this period, it
was calculated that Norman swam
twice as far as all the other 17 members of the team put together. In the same
year he also captured the 500 yards ASA title (from Bob Leivers,
who had won it in 1932 and 33 - incidentally this was the last occasion on
which this distance was recognised by the ASA for championship purposes) and
retained the mile and half mile championships. Another highlight of 1934 was
that he first captained England
(when only aged twenty) in a match versus Scotland
and Wales. Also
in the same year, while representing England
v. Denmark, he
created a new Danish record for 400 metres.
Thus, before he was considered to have reached adulthood (which in those
times meant being over 21) he had achieved national and international
recognition. However, what is especially remarkable is that he was an amateur
without wealth of his own or the financial support of his family. He had
started work directly after leaving school and it was expected that the
requirements of the job should come before his swimming career. After his
father died, his mother had to leave Hanley Baths (because the accommodation
went with her husband's job). Thus Norman
lost both home and training facilities. Fortunately, fellow members of Hanley
Swimming Club tried to help. One of them, Harry Koskie,
became his trainer in 1933 and he and his wife Olive gave considerable personal
support. He used to live with them while in training and they ensured that he
had what was then thought to be the appropriate diet. A prominent local
businessman and supporter of the Club, Geoff Corn, found Norman
a job at his firm, Richards Tiles. Even so, training had to be done before and
after work and he was expected to earn the concessions given to allow him to
compete. For example, there were times when he came back from a trip overseas
and went straight to work, regardless of whether he had been able to get
adequate sleep. Also, when he represented his Country at the Empire Games in Australia,
he stayed out there for six months, selling for Richards Tiles. Because the Company
was a major producer of the tiles used to line swimming pools, Norman
Wainwright's reputation as a swimmer was a significant asset to them but he was
also technically well versed and eventually rose to be a senior executive.
1935 proved to be an outstanding year. During a tour of the Continent, he
defeated the champions of five different countries and established new records
in Switzerland
and Holland. He concluded by
beating a Dutch relay team of four swimmers. He also swam for England
v. Scotland and
Wales again.
Despite his international results and record times, he had not succeeded in
winning the ASA quarter mile championship. However, in 1935 he not only
achieved this ambition but also captured the 220 yards title for the first
time. He retained his mile and half mile championships, thus holding each of
these titles for the third successive year.
The focus of 1936 was the Olympic Games in Berlin,
often remembered as "Hitler's Olympics" because of the German
Dictator's determination to use the event to prove the superiority of his
people. Norman won the ASA 220 and
440-yard championships before the Games. More significantly, he was the first
Briton to break the five-minute mark for both 400 metres and 440 yards and this
placed him among the fastest swimmers in the world at these distances. At the
Olympics, he would be up against strong German opposition in his events.
However, he was destined to miss out on a place in the finals again because he
was affected by a mystery stomach ailment. His trainer, Harry Koskie, suspected 'foul play'. He was so ill that he could
not defend his mile and half-mile ASA titles after the Games and there were
even fears that his career could be over, at the age of twenty-two.
Perhaps justice was done, in small measure, in 1937. During an England
v. Germany
match at Wembley, Norman won his
individual event (beating the German Champion Werner Plath)
and then swam the last leg of the 200 metres relay and was set the task of
catching Helmut Fischer, the European Record Holder, who had a substantial
lead. It appeared a forlorn hope, but Norman
put up one of the most memorable efforts of his career and won by inches, to
the delight of 10,000 madly excited spectators. Earlier in the year, he had
retained his ASA 220 & 440-yard championships and recaptured the mile and
half mile titles. He also broke the 150 yards ASA record and, thereby, removed
the last foreign name from the Record Book.
At the end of 1937, Wainwright sailed for Australia
so that he could compete in the 1938 Empire Games where he won a gold medal.
For business reasons, explained above, he did not return to Britain
until July and then had less than a fortnight to prepare for the National
Championships but still succeeded in retaining his titles at 220 and 440 yards,
on successive days against strong competition! Later in the same year he took
part in the European Championships at Wembley and won another Bronze medal. As
a result, he was selected to swim for Europe, as part of
the 200 metres relay team, in the inter-continental games versus America
at Budapest. In October 1938, he
married Alice Elizabeth (Betty) Porter and they settled in the village
of Trentham. They had one child,
Elisabeth, born in November 1946.
1939 saw the outbreak of the Second World War, just as Norman
was approaching his best. He won the ASA freestyle championships at a furlong
(i.e. 220 yards) quarter, half and one mile. Thus, he held the titles for the
two shorter distances for the fifth successive time and also brought to five
the number of times that he had won the other two events. With his 1934 victory
at 500 yards, this completed his collection of 21 ASA championships. His times
were also among the best recorded anywhere in the world and it had been
anticipated that he would have been at his peak for the 1940 Olympic Games,
which was never held. The first major post-war event was the European Olympia
at Monte Carlo, where, despite his age and time spent in the debilitating
war-time conditions of Iraq, Norman proved to be the best Briton over 200
metres; remarkably, his time equalled his 1938 European Championship effort.
This led to his selection for the British Team at the 1948 Olympics, as part of
the 200 metres relay squad. He was honoured with the captaincy of the Swimming
Team and, as a survivor from the pre-war Games, was one of the three British
athletes who led the opening procession into Wembley Stadium.
He adjusted to his retirement from swimming with the same equanimity that he
had accepted the fortunes of competition and concentrated on helping others
whether in the pool or through administration of the sport. For example, he
took on the thankless task of being unpaid Treasurer of Staffordshire ASA for a
quarter of a century. As he grew older, he often expressed surprise when he was
asked to appear at events or be interviewed by the media. He felt that he had
had his time and the glory should go to the younger generation.
Despite being crippled by a combination of heart disease and arthritis in
his latter years and finally, having to endure treatment for cancer, he was a
positive inspiration to all those around him. His swimming achievements are a
memorial to an outstanding national and international champion. However, his
other legacy, given by example, was that in life you should prepare well and
give your best to every endeavour but then accept all outcomes with equal
equanimity. He came to his rest on 2nd
May 2000, in his 86th year, leaving behind his wife Betty, daughter Elisabeth, grandson
Christopher and other family and friends to regret his passing but be glad and
privileged to have known this "Champion and Gentleman".
Paul Newman
(Son-in-law to Norman Wainwright)
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